![]() Sleep disturbances, especially insomnia, are common in people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Mental disorders associated with sleep disorders include stress, anxiety, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, and others, with the causal association often two ways. Sleep disturbances can result in daytime irritability, a loss of focus, memory, and other cognitive abilities, as well as a weakened immune system and increased rates of chronic illness. Sleep disorders involve sleep disturbances related to inappropriate sleep, severe sleep deprivation, and pauses in breathing while sleeping. Sleep is a basic need that is essential to physical and mental health. Psychotropic drugs other than CNS stimulants, primarily sedatives (non-barbiturate) and psychostimulants for treating anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder are associated with higher levels of insomnia and sleep apnea. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are most strongly associated with insomnia, and bipolar disorder and depression are most strongly associated with sleep disorders. The positive association is greater when multiple mental illness exists. Mental disorders positively correlate with insomnia and sleep apnea. Psychotropic drugs with the largest effect on sleep disorders are sedatives (non-barbiturate) and psychostimulants for insomnia and psychostimulants and anticonvulsants for sleep apnea. ![]() Psychotropic drugs other than CNS stimulants, primarily sedatives (non-barbiturate) and psychostimulants, explain much of the positive association between anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder with insomnia. There is a significantly positive association between mental disorders and insomnia and sleep apnea, more so for insomnia, especially if they had other comorbid mental disorders. The rate of sleep apnea is greater in those with bipolar disorder and depression. The rate of insomnia is greater in those with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia than in other mental disorders. Rates for selected mental disorders ranged from 0.09% for schizophrenia to 8.4% for anxiety. ResultsĪpproximately 11.7% filed one or more claims for a sleep disorder. Mental disorders, psychotropic drug use, and demographic data were extracted from claim files for ages 18–64, years 2016–2020. MethodsĪ retrospective cohort study design was employed using medical claim data from the Deseret Mutual Benefit Administrators (DMBA). This study will explore the moderating influence of comorbid mental disorders and whether selected psychotropic drugs correlate with sleep disorders after adjusting for mental disorders. Mental disorders positively associate with sleep disorders.
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